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论文摘要英文格式范文(精选34篇)
论文摘要英文格式范文 第一篇
Acknowledgments
Abstract
Chapter One Introduction
1-1 The Motivation of the Study
1-2 The Purpose of the Study
1-3 The Significance of the Study
Chapter Two Literature Review
2-1 Definition of Games
2-2 Characteristics of Games
2-3 The Research Situations of Game Teaching in Foreign Countries
2-3-1 Game Teaching before Froebel
2-3-2 Froeble’s Game Teaching
2-3-3 The Form and the Development of Modern Game Teaching
2-4 The Research Situations of Game Teaching in China
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework
3-1 The Characteristics of Children
3-1-1 Cognitive Development of the Young Learner
3-1-2 Psychological Feature of the Young Learners on Learning
3-2 Stephen Krashen’s Theories of Second Language Acquisition
3-2-1 The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
3-2-2 The Input Hypothesis
3-2-3 The Affective Filter Hypothesis
Chapter Four Research Design
4-1 Research Hypothesis
4-2 Research Questions
4-3 Subjects
4-4 Instruments
4-5 Procedures
Chapter Five Results and Analysis
5-1 Results and Analysis of the Questionnaire
5-2 Results and Analysis of the Classroom Observations
5-3 Results and Analysis of the Interview with Teachers
5-4 Reflection on the Results of Research
5-4-1 Updating Teachers’ Knowledge Stores
5-4-2 Improving Game Teaching Strategy
5-4-3 Maximizing Students’ Participation
5-4-4 Enhancing the Interaction
5-5 Effective Game Teaching Strategy
5-5-1 Delicate Presupposition
5-5-2 Proper Guide
5-5-3 Constant Interaction
5-5-4 Timely Summarization
Chapter Six Conclusion
6-1 Major Findings
6-2 Limitations of the Present Study
6-3 Suggestions
Bibliography
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二篇
论文题目:On Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability in Chinese Version of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe from Perspective of Functionalism
Abstract:This thesis is an attempt to apply functionalism to literary translation and prove its feasibility by analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps. Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation by focusing on the function or functions of texts and translations. And the four important representatives of functionalism are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer, Justa Holz-Mnttri and Christiane Nord. This thesis attempts to apply the core rules of Skopostheorie –?to analyze the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe which is caused by cultural gaps, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of literary translation from the perspective of functionalism.
This paper is composed of four chapters. The first one is introduction. Chapter 2 introduces the German Functionalism and translation theories including a brief introduction to the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe and the author Defoe. Chapter 3 goes over the application of the main translation theory Skopostheorie in analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps with analyzing the culture factor in translation. Besides, this chapter also analyses the limitations of Skopostheorie. In chapter 4, the final conclusion is that functionalism is also applicable to literary translation and can provide a different perspective in solving the untranslatability causing by cultural gaps.
Key Words: functionalism; skopostheorie; untranslatability; culture gaps; The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
论文摘要英文格式范文 第三篇
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to mysupervisor, Professor Jia Aiwu. I have benefited tremendously from her criticalthinking and insightful viewpoint. Through his patient instruction,I finally focusedon the object studied in this thesis, and obtained valuable advice on aspects rangingfrom frame work constructing and data collection to elaborated analysis.
Secondly, I'm profusely grateful to my respected predecessors and teachers.
Without their precious suggestions, I could not have come this far in this thesis.
Moreover, I owe my thanks to my family and friends, who have always supportedme with their generous encouragements and praises.
Last but not least, I sincerely thank my fellow classmates. We share joys andanxieties, which propels us forward together throughout the arduous journey.
论文摘要英文格式范文 第四篇
如何撰写论文摘要
摘要的的分类
论文摘要一般位于论文正文之前,起总结概述作用。根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类:报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。
论文摘要怎么写
摘要是论文的概述性语言,虽说篇幅不大,可却是一篇论文的精华之处。一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。
对象:是论文研究调查的所具体的主题范围,体现出论文的论述内容、要解决的主要问题等。 方法:是论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的各种途径,例如:原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺等,是完成研究对象的必要手段。
撰写步骤
摘要作为一种特殊的`陈述性短文,书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。用重要的事实开头,突出论文新的信息,即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等。这些信息要能完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题,语句要精炼。摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的,尽量列出他们的名字,将这些零散信息,组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子,再进一步组成通畅的短文,通读此短文,反复修改,达到摘要的要求。
写作技巧
技巧二:多向指导教师和同学请教,并根据提供的意见和建议及时修改,以期达到更高水平。 技巧三:叙述要完整,要有逻辑性,短文结构要合理,在简短的篇幅下尽量是语言优美。 技巧四:从小从专,即是指软文撰稿者在进行选则和提炼摘要时,要从专业出发,从小处入手进行突破,切记全而不专,大而空洞。
一、论文摘要的定义
论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。
二、论文摘要的分类
根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要
(1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.
(2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.
(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.
三、论文摘要的写法
四、论文摘要写作的注意事项
(1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》,摘要的开头就不要再写:“为了??,对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。
(3)结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。摘要慎用长句,句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词,但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文,电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。
(5)要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的,可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
(6)除了实在无法变通以外,一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。
(7)不用引文,除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
(8))缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于摘要的编写。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有:要素不全,或缺目的,或缺方法;出现引文,无独立性与自明性;繁简失当。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第五篇
In the paper completed, I feel excited. From the topics of the paper, the collection of data to the writing and layout of the paper, I got a lot of enthusiastic help.
First of all, I would like to thank Mr. Zhang Yuqing, who led me to the door of information security, and put forward a lot of valuable comments on my research, so that my research work has a goal and direction. In the past two years, he was careful guidance and education to me. It enables me to study and improve continuously, and the research results of these topics have also become the main material of this paper. At the same time, Zhang profound knowledge, rigorous scholarship attitude also makes me very admire, is my model of learning and work. Thank the teacher for my care and attention, in this to express our sincere gratitude.
Thanks to my parents and girlfriend bear, giving unlimited love in life, especially the cubs, and when she did not cherish the love, her love, lost her life and perhaps even too late to regret, for there is no chance, when approaching graduation, deeply regret to say to you: xxxyou love let me grow up and know how to love, and I let you scarred, and you have to flee, if there is any chance, if there is the afterlife, I will put you in the palm of carexxx.
Thank you for working life in the prevention center colleagues, Dr. Zhang Dehua, Dr. Liu Xiangning, Dr. Mao Jian, Zhao Honghao, Jia Suping, Li Haibao, Sun Pengpeng, Yang Xiaoyan, Huang Dandan, Wang Ruoxin, Yang Ni, Yu Junsong, because you have a wonderful and fulfilling life.
Thank you in the study of information security professional students spend time together students, Jiang Bailiang, Shi Miaolei, Zhang Jun, Cheng Liang, Jing Wong, Wu Jingjing, Hu Hao, Jia Wei, Liu Ziwen, Liu Jingxuan, Deng Yi, Wang Xianggen, Wei Yong, Ren Rong, and spend the internship at the state Key Laboratory of information security years.
论文摘要英文格式范文 第六篇
1、在正文中,数字10 以下用英语拼出, 10 以上(包括10) 用阿拉伯数字
序数词10 以下用英语拼出,10 以上( 包括10)用阿拉伯数字,如the 10th lunar month, the second lunar month ( 注意: th 不做上标) 。
带小数点的数字全部用阿拉伯数字表示,如 和 等。
数字超过1000,必须表达为1,000。
2、百分数范围的书写: 每个百分数后面的“%”都要重复写出,例如“50% ~70%”不能写成“50 ~70%”
3、数字与单位之间要空格,例如: km,m 和cm等与前面的数字之间要空格,例如1, 000 km,而不要连在一起。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第七篇
一、什么是论文摘要?
即摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。
摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。
内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。
二、论文摘要的类型
根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要.
(1) 报道性摘要: 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论.
通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.
(2) 指示性摘要:一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等.
该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.
(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的.四要素:
(1)目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
(2)方法: 采用的手段和方法;
(3)结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果,;
(4)结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点,论文的新见解。
四、写作规范与要求
(1) 摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要,一般也不要对论文内容做诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
(3)结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。
(4)用第三人称。
(5)要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。
(6)除了实在无法变通以外,一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。
(7)不用引文,除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
(8)缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时 必须加以说明。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第八篇
ABSTRACT
William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century.
As a leader ofAmerican “Southern Renaissance”, he won the Nobel Prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”.
(Faulkner,1949) Light in August is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old South.
This thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-Joe Christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory.
Identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements.
It is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside.
In the novel, Joe Christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty.
Caged within the racism-rooted southern society, Joe'suncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community.
On the one hand, Joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society.
He is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart.
It turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences.
In a certain sense, Joe createsthe predicament for himself.
Having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, Joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society.
He is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime.
On the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down Joe's clear identity in his own will, regardless ofJoe's intention.
In a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct Joe as a part nigger.
There are four chapters in the thesis besides Introduction and Conclusion parts.
Chapter One is the literature review of Light in August both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation.
Chapters Three andFour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof Joe's identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories.
In conclusion, the indeterminacy of Joe Christmas' identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings.
ABSTRACT
The term “intertextuality”, which was introduced by French literary critics JuliaKristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts.
And it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut.
Kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts.
The theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory.
Biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern Chinese writer Shen Congwen.
The story happened in a border town namedChadong of Xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of Xiangxidistrict.
At the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called Cuicui.
The novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor.
The thesis deals with the two representative English versions of Biancheng, one isfrom the famous British translator Gladys Yang, the other is from the Americansinologist Jeffrey C.
Kinkley.
The author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of Biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation.
All in all, two research methods are included in this thesis.
First and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part.
It expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different Chineseculture-specific items (CSI) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture.
The features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translator'ssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way.
Thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the of the translation studies.
This thesis can be divided into six parts.
In the Introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively.
Chapter One is the review of the previous studies on Biancheng and its Englishtranslations both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented.
Chapter Three is about Biancheng and its two English translations.
It not onlypresents a brief introduction of Shen Congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---Gladys Yang and Jeffrey C.
Kinkley.
Meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two English versions.
Chapter Four is the main body of the thesis.
The author initiates the comparativestudy of the two English versions of Biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,The last part is the Conclusion.
The author holds that Biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of Chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts.
At the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators'
different choices of different translation strategies.
Gladys Yang's version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage.
Asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the English speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while Kinkley's version was out in 2009, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of Gladys Yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of China and Chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of Chinese culture.
In addition, Kinkley's versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit Chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study.
Abstract
With the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary.
Traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.
“Multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem.
This system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of OTDR block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.
It establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.
In this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of OTDR,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital OTDR block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of MCU,OTDR block,opticalswitching,Ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify IP address ofMCU,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.
论文摘要英文格式范文 第九篇
关键词:英语论文格式英文摘要范例
摘要:威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚戏剧作品之一,它的主题是歌颂善良,友谊和爱。
在这里,我们要提及人文主义—那段时期主要的特征区别,也展现在这部戏里最重要的角色上。
摘 要
《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚戏剧作品之一,它的主题是歌颂善良,友谊和爱。
在这里,我们要提及人文主义—那段时期主要的特征区别,论文格式也展现在这部戏里最重要的角色上。
女权主义是人文主义最重要的一部分之一。
它的主要的目标和内容都是从人文主义的思想体系和人物性格中学习而来的。
人们研究莎剧主要从人文主义思想和人物形象两方面研究。
本文将从女性和女权主义角度分析《威尼斯商人》,结合该作品主要内容和背景,评议作品中的三个女性人物形象及其表现,揭示《威尼斯商人》深刻反映的女权和女性主义思想。
通过女性主义“妇女形象”批评方法,发现莎士比亚塑造了反传统的、具有现代思想的女性。
同男性形象相比,女性处于主动、中心地位而男性别处于被动、服从地位。
这与其他女性批评家所批评的男性笔下两个极端类型——好女人,坏女人相去甚远;相反的,他创造的女性人物有着反传统的和现代的思想。
莎翁的女性形象打破了父权中心,解构了父权社会对妇女的界定,指明了莎士比亚的女权主义倾向。
关键词:人类 ;精神 ;女性意识;价值;
Abstract
The Merchant of Venice is one of dramatic work write by Shakespeare. Its theme is to extol kindness, friendship and love,There, we mention Humanism—the main distinguishable feature of that period, also the bright characteristic which is shown from the important role in this play. Feminism is an important part of Humanism. And the main target and content are studied from this work are its humanism ideology and character image. In accordance with the related bibliographies and spirit essences of female and feminism, while combining with the main contents and backgrounds of the work, this paper sees through and analysis’s the work from the angle of the female and feminism, as well as makes judgments on three female characters’ appearances and behaviors in this drama and reveals the feminism and female ideology that The Merchant of Venice has deeply reflected. The paper intends to make an analysis of the merchant in Venice in the critics of the women image of feminism and finds that the women image in Shakespeare's works is not the two extreme type created by female authors who are criticized by the feminism critics: good woman and bad woman; on the contrary, he creates the female characters with anti-tradition and modern ideas. Compared with the male characters, the female ones are active and in central position and the male ones passive and subornation. Thus the patriarchy-centered and deconstructs the definition of women in a patriarchal society and indicates the feminism tendency in Shakespeare's works.
Keywords: human; spirits; female consciousness; value
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十篇
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。
各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。
如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十一篇
一、什么是论文摘要?
1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。
2.论文摘要是对论文內容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上,用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括,提取论文的主要信息。
6.内涵:短文
7.外延:陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的,不加解释和评论的。
9.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。
二、论文摘要起什么作用?
不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。
1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海,读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文,主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以,摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。
2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的四要素:
1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;
3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;
4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点,论文的新见解。
(1)目的:指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件,不是主题的简单重复。
(2)方法:简述课题的工作流程,研究了哪些主要内容,在这个过程中都做了哪些工作,包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。
(3)结果:陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值,包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。
(4)结论:通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论,包括从中取得证实的正确观点,进行分析研究,比较预测其在实际生活中运用的`意义,理论与实际相结合的价值。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十二篇
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论文摘要英文格式范文 第十三篇
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十四篇
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。
现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。
The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”
is an admirable and characteristic
diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it
Whitman is unable to conceive the
extreme crises of society, one is certain
that no society would be tolerable whoses
citizens could not find refreshment in its
buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。
一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。
points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十五篇
论文题目:On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of Functional Equivalence
Abstract:The theories which proposed by Eugene A. Nida have affected many Chinese and foreign translators for a long time, especially the theory of functional equivalence. Functional equivalence refers to the equivalence on the functions but not on the forms and structures.
In our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to express the ideas of the original works and realize the goal for sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.
This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with the concept of functional equivalence and its aims and principles. The main aim of functional equivalence is to represent the information of the original work in the target language and achieve the equivalence of functions of languages. In order to make this concept clear, the author gives a brief introduction of different functions. Although different languages have different characteristics, their functions are nearly the same. That is to name the reality and to communicate with the people. The second part deals with the target, principles, requirements and cultural elements of advertisement translation. The third part, the most important part, points out the three main aspects of functional equivalence, semantic equivalence, social-cultural equivalence and stylistic equivalence. At the meantime, the equivalence on different levels and how to achieve functional equivalence in advertisement translation are also systematically illustrated.
Key words: functional equivalence; advertisement translation; cultural elements
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十六篇
论文题目:On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its Translation
Abstract: With the development of science and technology, translation of English of Science and Technology has become more and more important. A good title can help readers understand the main ideas about some articles of science and technology at the first step. And a good translation can also shows the artistic effect and the content of the translator. The author wants to offer all the translation learners some ways to attract more readers by researching the titles of EST and artistic effects of them in this essay.
Key words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十七篇
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。 第一步:阅读
A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步:动手写作
A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十八篇
the impressive dissertation has subtly revealed a thought-provoking social phenomenon which is pr出现恶意脚本ent all over the are a number of reasons for the significant all, the author maintains that as a matter of factthroughout history people of different cultures have regardedas the most vital cause moreover, it is the writer‘s view that there are good reasons to advocate_in the long factor includes the pillaring and propelling due consideration of the analysis above we may draw a conclusion thatreally counts in this society.
论文摘要英文格式范文 第十九篇
下面摘取硕士学位论文的摘要中的一部分作为参考:
首先,该篇论文的摘要是分段叙述的,分别重点对研究目的、研究方法和研究结果、研究结论进行了概括:
“中国是世界秸秆大国。秸秆资源的开发利用,既涉及到农业生产系统中的物质高效转化和能量高效循环……”
这篇论文的摘要开篇阐明研究目的或者是研究的必要性:关系到多项生态系统中的可持续发展问题和农民的生活环境问题。
“秸秆资源数量估算主要有三种方法:一是草谷比法;二是副产品比重法;三是收获指数法……”
接下来摘要对研究方法进行了简单的总结,即根据国家公布的相关数据利用三种方法对秸秆资源的数量进行了估算,并对研究结果进行了分析。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十篇
如何写论文摘要
如何写论文摘要【1】
一、论文摘要的定义
摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等.而重点是结果和结论。
中文摘要一般不宜超过300字,外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。
除了实在迫不得已,摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。
论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。
摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。
摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。
内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。
英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的.内容不能遗漏。
二、论文摘要的分类
根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要
(1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.
(2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.
(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.
三、论文摘要的写法
目前,我国期刊上发表的论文,多采用报道性摘要。
即包括论文的目的、方法、结果和结论等四部分内容。
而毕业论文的摘要的写法多是采用指示性摘要的写法,即概括文章的主题和主要内容。
四、论文摘要写作的注意事项
(1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》,摘要的开头就不要再写:“为了……,对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。
(3)结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。
摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑顺序来安排。
句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。
摘要慎用长句,句型应力求简单。
每句话要表意明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词,但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文,电报式的写法亦不足取。
摘要不分段。
(4)用第三人称。
(5)要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。
新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的,可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
(6)除了实在无法变通以外,一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。
(7)不用引文,除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
(8))缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明。
科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于摘要的编写。
目前摘要编写中的主要问题有:要素不全,或缺目的,或缺方法;出现引文,无独立性与自明性;繁简失当。
如何写论文摘要【2】
论文摘要在论文中占据重要的作用,是开启全篇论述,概述论文内容的关键,因此,代写毕业论文或论文发表应尤其重视论文摘要的规范书写格式。
1.摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要,一般也不要对论文内容做诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
2.不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
3.结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。
摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑顺序来安排。
句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。
摘要慎用长句,句型应力求简单。
每句话要表意明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词,但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文,电报式的写法亦不足取。
摘要不分段。
4.用第三人称。
5.要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。
新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的,可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
6.除了实在无法变通以外,一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。
7.不用引文,除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
8.缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明。
论文摘要范文【3】
论文题目:论法治视野下信访功能的定位
【摘要】 信访在中国成为问题与信访的功能定位有密切关系。
国家把信访的功能定位在政治参与和权力监督方面,而公民更愿意定位在权利救济方面。
由于公民对信访功能的定位和国家原初的定位产生了一定偏差,这使得国家在应对以权利救济为目的的信访问题时,难免带有功利主义的目的。
从比较法的角度,信访权更接近于国外宪法所普遍确认的xxx请愿权xxx。
就请愿权发展轨迹来看,早期的请愿权兼具政治参与和权利救济的双重功能,之后随着司法救济制度的完善,大量的私人纠纷主要诉诸司法程序解决,请愿权的权利救济功能逐渐式微甚至消失,今天请愿主要作为一种直接政治参与的方式而存在。
请愿权在现代成熟宪政国家中的发展变迁图景为我们思考信访在我国如何进行功能转换提供了思路。
我国应通过完善司法救济制度逐步把权利救济功能从信访中剥离出来,使信访回到原初的政治参与和权力监督的功能上来。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十一篇
论文摘要,作为一篇论文的精髓,对一篇文章的意义非常重大,但是国内很多人在这方面缺乏足够的重视,会在一定程度上影响论文的质量。
希望能够通过分享这篇文章对广大学生带来相应的帮助。
论文摘要的 时态 基本上有两种 : 一般现在时、一般过去时。
由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时, 摘要也多用一般现在时。
目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时 , 背景介绍常采用一般过去时。
语态与人称
主张多采用被动语态。
因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者 , 避免出现“We ”表示式 , 而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位,有利于说明事实。
英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态 , 可以避免提及有关执行者, 使行文显得客观。
同时, 被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地, 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段, 扩展名词短语, 扩大句子信息量。
但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更
英文摘要的翻译
英文摘要应直接用英文写, 这样能按英文思维方式更直接、准确地表达原文。
在翻译过程中, 要避免按中文字面意义逐字翻译, 应从语篇层次把握原文, 选择恰当的翻译单位。
刘士聪认为, 在翻译过程中, 分析和转换是一个难以截然分开的思维过程, 以主 述位作翻译单位 , 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特点, 另一方面也注意到了它在语篇中的衔接功能 , 可以把对原文的分析和转换统一起来。
英文摘要的写作
根据《EI》的要求 , 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下 4 个方面的问题:1) what you want to do(目的),2)How you did it (方法) ,3) What result didi you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 结果和结论 ); 4) What is original in your paper ( 创新独到之处 ) 。
在开头交待论文的目的时 , 英文摘要的首句不要重复题名或题名的一部分 , 同时摘要中要尽量少谈或不谈背景信息。
在介绍方法、结果和结论时 , 忌泛泛而谈 , 空洞无物。
在写作时 , 要尽可能明确地把论文的创新、独到之处交待出来。
关于英文摘要的'文法《EI》提出了以下几点要求 :
1) 尽量用短句 ; 2) 用主动语态而不用被动语态 ; 3) 要尽量简洁 , 去掉一切并不增进对摘要理解的多余字句 ; 4) 介绍过去所做的工作时用过去时态 , 介绍结果和结论时则用现在时态。
(1) 研究的背景、目的和范围———常用现在时 ; (2) 研究的方法、手段或步骤———常用过去时、现在时或现在完成时 ; (3) 研究的结果———常用过去时 ; (4) 研究得出的主要结论———常用现在时或情态助动词。
现以下篇英文摘要为例进行分析和说明。
标点符号
这类问题在文稿、报告中不明显 , 但正式印刷出来后非常抢眼。
所以 , 在组织英文摘要时应特别注意以下几点 :
(1) 英文标点符号中除了破折号长度占 2 个英文字符外, 其他均只占1个英文字符 ( 大致半个汉字 ) 。
中、英文的逗号、分号、冒号等乍看起来完全一样 , 但实际上也是不一样的。
排英文摘要时应转换到英文状态下操作 , 避免英文中出现全角标点 , 例如“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ( 应该是“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ) 等 , 影响版面的美观。
(2) 英文标点符号中没有“《》”、“、”和“~”。
英文中书名一般用斜体表示 , 该用顿号时用逗号 , 表示数字范围则用半字线“ - ”。
英文中“~”有时用在阿拉伯数字前表示近似。
(3) 文中破折号、数字范围号与连字符分别为 : “—” ( 长度占 2 个英文字符 ) 、“ - ” ( 占 1 个英文字符 ), 而汉语中相应符号的长度分别比其长 1 倍 : “——” ( 长度占 2 个汉字 ) 、“—” ( 占 1 个汉字 ) 和“ - ” ( 占半个汉字 ) 。
此外 , 英文中的省略号是 3 个由空格隔开的英文句点“ ... ” , 而不是“…”。
(4) 在英文中 , 无论引号中是一个单句、短语、从句还是独立成分 , 末尾的逗号和句号等一律封闭在引号之内。
(5) 汉语中标点符号前后均不空格 , 而英文则不一样。
英文点号前不空 , 后要空一格 ; 英文破折号 “——” , 数字范围号“ - ”和连字符“ - ”前后均不空格 ; 英文引号和括号外面前后均空格 , 里面前后均不空格。
(6) 带缩略号的缩略语位于句末时 , 可省略一个黑点 , 但省略号位于句末时 , 句点不能省略。
(7) 可用若干个带连字符的词修饰同一个名词 , 例如“ the second-, third-or forth-class mails ”( 二、三、四级邮件 ), “ three- and four- syllable words ” ( 三音节和四音节词 ), 不能写作“ three-four-syllable words ”。
例 :Blackmur writes, “Mr. Eliot's poetry is not devotional in any sense of which we have been speaking... ” 例 :Dashes, parentheses, commas—all are used to set off parenthetical matter(see also page111).
数字表示
目前科技期刊英文摘要中的数字表示很随便。
在英文中用到数字时是用文字 (one,two,three,...) 还是阿拉伯数字 (1,2,3,---) 表示 , 需要遵循一定的规则 , 这就像在中文科技文稿中用汉字还是用阿拉伯数字有一定的规则一样。
一般说来 ,1 位数 (1 至 9) 通常用文字表示 , 多位数 ( ≥ 10) 则趋向于使用阿拉伯数字 , 也遵循易读、易写、前后一致的原则。
有统计意义的、与单位符号及数字符号一起的数字 , 一般都用阿拉伯数字。
在编写时应注意下列问题 :(1) 表示概数时 , 只能使用英文数字 :about five hundreds ( 约 500), approximately forty thousands( 近 4 万 ) 。
(2) 阿拉伯数字不宜出现在句子的开头。
例如“ Six percent students voted. ” (6% 的学生投了票 ) 不宜为“ 6 percent students voted. ”。
这种情况下最好改写句子 , 避免用数字开头 , 例如“ Fifteen new products are set for release in the next year. ” ( 有 15 种新产品决定在明年推出 ) 可改写为 : “ The company decides to release 15 new products in the next year. ” ( 公司决定明年推出 15 种新产品 ) 。
(3) 2 项数字相连时 , 其中一个用文字 , 另一个用数字 , 具体看哪一种方式简短 : “ 36 fifty-watt amplifiers ”或“ thirty-six 50 watt amplifiers ” (36 个 50W 的放大器 ) 。
(4)4 位以上的数字最好每隔 3 位用 1/4 的空格分开。
目前许多书刊上仍用逗号作分隔符。
鉴于有些国家用逗号表示小数点 , 为避免引起混淆 , 国际标准化组织建议科技书刊中用空格来分隔数字。
这种做法已开始为人们所接受。
例如 ,US $ 23000, 9600000km 2; 在科技书刊中推荐采用 a × 10n 的形式。
(5) 由于在英、美等国 billion, trillion 及 quadrillion 所代表的数目不一致 , 科技文稿中应避免使用 , 例如“ 亿人口”最好表示为“ × 109 ” 。
英文摘要正文的写作模式
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十二篇
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十三篇
学术论文摘要模板
学术论文摘要格式范文【1】
摘 要:在市场经济条件下 ,资本运营是企业经营战略的根本性变革 ,而资本运营的关键是对资本运营模式的战略性选择 ,使资本得到迅速扩张、有效积聚和最优配置。
Abstract: In a market economy condition, the capital operation is the fundamental change of enterprises management strategy. And the key to the capital operation is the strategic choice to the capital operation mode. Which make the capital expanded, gathered and disposed effectively.
关键词:企业集团 资本运营 模式
Keyword: Enterprise group Capital operation Mode
当今世界经济格局已进入以大公司、大集团为中心的时代。
我国已经明确以发展具有国际竞争力的大型企业集团作为今后企业改革与发展的重点,中国企业正面临以增强核心竞争力为基础的战略转型期。
诺贝尔经济奖获得者、美国经济学家史蒂格勒曾说过:纵观世界上著名的大企业、大公司,没有一家不是在某个时候以某种方式通过资本运营发展起来的,也没有哪一家是单纯依靠企业自身利润的积累发展起来的。
随着国内市场的进一步成熟以在马年新春为你带来好运啦!希望您马年行大运!
教学应用论文摘要【2】
【摘 要】SlideIdea是一款基于平板电脑的演示软件,其便捷的文稿制作、智能的互动元件、随时随地的用户参与、实时的录制分享使得基于SlideIdea开展的`教学具有强大的过程互动性、内容生成性、时空分离性等特征。
本文基于交互教学相关理论介绍了SlideIdea的功能特点及其在教学实践中的移动交互应用。
实践表明,SlideIdea移动教学形成的高效互动课堂可以让课堂中的各个要素有效地被整合和利用,生成充满活力的学习生态系统。
【关键词】教学互动;SlideIdea;移动教学
【】A
【论文编号】1671-7384(2014)12-0057-04
课堂互动是教学相长的过程,平等的“交流—互动”是教学过程的核心[1]。
教学过程应该是师生之间、生生之间相互交流、相互影响、动态生成的过程。
积极地参与和互动反馈能够推动知识的共享和共生,也更加有利于学生对知识的理解吸收及其能力的培养生成。
当前,许多学校相继开展基于移动终端的电子书包的探索实践,试图通过电子书包项目改善学生的学习方式与课堂师生互动方式[2]。
开展基于移动终端的合作、协作与辅导,有机融合正式学习和非正式学习是未来移动学习实践与研究的重要发展趋势[3]。
教学效率的措施论文摘要【3】
摘要:英语教学对于大学生的学习来讲作用重大。
因此,英语听力教学效率作为英语教学的重要内容,对于提升整体教学水平,提升学生的英语综合能力都显得尤其重要。
本文首先阐述了提升大学英语听力教学效率的现实作用,然后分析了影响大学英语听力教学效率的消极因素,最后提出了需要的策略,希望对提升大学英语听力教学起到积极的推动作用。
关键词:大学英语;听力教学;效率;作用;策略
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十四篇
【论文摘要格式】
论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。为此,我国的科技期刊近年来陆续采用结构式摘要,明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
a.目的(Objective):简明指出此项工作的目的,研究的范围。
b.方法(Methods):简要说明研究课题的`基本做法,包括对象(分组及每组例数、对照例数或动物只数等)、材料和方法(包括所用药品剂量,重复次数等)。统计方法特殊者需注明。
c.结果(Results):简要列出主要结果(需注明单位)、数据、统计学意义(P值)等,并说明其价值和局限性。
d.结论(Conclusion):简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。
【论文摘要范文】
【论文题目】机动车尾气污染防治对策与城市交通改善研究
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十五篇
1、中英文标点混用: 经常出现英文里夹有中文逗号和句号,中文标点占一个字距,英文标点占半个字距,很明显是不同的。
英文中如果冒出了占地多、又很粗大的逗号、引号、括号等,可能就是错用了中文标点。
如: He says,“What?”
2、英文标点后空格问题: 英文标点后都要空格,看起来是个挺简单的原则,但受中文的影响,有人打字时就总是忘了空格。
更有甚者,把字打成了先空格再加标点。
这些错误在外国人眼里都是很明显的,因为外国人特别注意断句。
3、英文中没有的符号: 英语中没有顿号和书名号,在表示并列时用逗号。
例如red、yellow、blue and black. 应该写成red,yellow,blue and black.《Beijing Youth Daily》应该写成Beijing Youth Daily。
4、中英文省略号的区别: 中文为中六点,英文为下三点。
常见的错误是英文中用了居中的三个黑点( xxx…) ,即用了中文省略号的一半。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十六篇
ABSTRACT
Tolstoy Leo writing Anna is a lady of the upper society of Russia capitalism; Bronte Charlotte writing Jane Eyre is a tutor of the England capitalist society. Although two feminine image produces in different state, has the different appearance, the disposition and the life experience, they have the common pursue such as independence, the freedom, the equality. With ours word is pursue xxxthe woman liberatesxxx; with Henrik Ibsen word is xxxfirst I am a personxxx. Facing among family, society, marriage and love complex, intense sentiment and principle contradictory conflict, they are painful, and have paced back and forth. But finally, moral and the passion contradiction causes Anna to move towards the hopeless situation; Emotion and the reason contradiction gave Jane Eyre to love a happy family actually. This article through the analysis which to their love pursue, the individuality and the individuality forms root, has manifested two females in front of love, moral and reason intense revolt consciousness and the rebel spirit, further elaborates the feminine doctrine characteristic and the significance.
Key words: Anna; Jane Eyre; female doctrine
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十七篇
The accomplishment of this thesis has covered half a year,s experiment and another halfa year's analysis. It can not be denied that whole process is quite tough. Despite all theproblems during research and limitations, the thesis finally comes into being. However, thiscan not be achieved without the help of many people.
First and foremost, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to my distinguished andrespectable supervisor, Prof. Qi Yuanfang, for his all-along supports during not only theresearch process, but the whole post-graduate year. He is the one who gives me inspiration ofthe thesis topic, enlightens me empirical method helps me conduct teaching experiment, andinstructs me analyzing approaches. I have to say that this thesis is born from his and warm encouragement.
Secondly, I also own my appreciation to Prof, Gongrong who gives me a lot ofinspiration, insightful advice and instructions.
And also, this thesis can not be accomplished without teachers of Foreign LanguagesSchool who impart knowledge to me and classmates who offer me help.
Last but not least, I would like to extend my thanks to the students participating in thisresearch for their patient corporation.
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十八篇
It is a significant and unforgettable experience for me to spend such a long time onwriting, modifying and polishing this thesis. Many kind-hearted people give me a greatamount of help, professional advice and encouragement. Thus, here I would like toexpress my sincere gratitude to them.
First of all, I will show my sincere thanks to my supervisor Professor Jia Aiwuwho has given me invaluable guidance and constant support and the whole processes. During my study of English education in this two ahalf years and the witting of this thesis, she has always been generous to offer me usefulsuggestions, answer my question and discuss research questions with me. Her detailguidance and helpful comments on my thesis encourage me to overcome difficultiesand think more critically during the processes of writing.
Secondly, I will also express my sincere gratitude to other professor and teacherswho had give me constructive suggestion to my thesis and thanks to them forinstructing me to construct my knowledge in English teaching in the past two and a halfyears.
Thirdly, I want to thank all my affectionate classmates and friends. During the twoa half years' study and the writing of this thesis, they have given me a lot of support andencouragement in their own ways.
At last, I will give the deepest gratitude to my family for their regretless supportand love to me.
论文摘要英文格式范文 第二十九篇
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-8
List of Abbreviations 8-9
Chapter One Introduction 9-13
Research Background 9-11
Necessity and Objectives of the Study 11-12
Thesis Organization 12-13
Chapter Two Literature Review 13-27
Defining Explicit Linguistic Knowledge (ELK) and Implicit Linguistic Knowledge (ILK) 13-16
Relationship Between Explicit and Implicit Knowledge 16-19
论文摘要英文格式范文 第三十篇
in the beginning of the essay, the writer clings to the idea that we should attach utmost significance to the issue of_. lt is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which involves several factors. to begin withthe past several decades have witnessed a thought-provoking social phenomenon thathas been arising from all over the world
furthermore, the author illustrates the deep-rooted reason by stressing the fact thatis of great importance to the development of our society finally,it is vital for us to derive positive implication from the last paragraph that tis also a key factor contributed to this issue.
论文摘要英文格式范文 第三十一篇
英文摘要撰写的一般技巧
由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供,并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文,因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。
为确保摘要的“独立性”(stand on its own)或“自明性”(self-contained),撰写中应遵循以下规则:
(1)为确保简洁而充分地表述论文的IMRD (Introduction,Methods, Results and Discussion)结构的写作模式,可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处(但不要使用评价性语言);尽量包括论文中的主要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据)。
(2)使用简短的句子,表达要准确、简洁、清楚;注意表述的逻辑性,尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分(层次),如使用“We found that…”表示结果;使用“We suggest that…”表示讨论结果的含义等。
(3)应尽量避免引用文献、图表,用词应为潜在的读者所熟悉。
若无法回避使用引文,应在引文出现的位置将引文的书目信息标注在方括号内;如确有需要(如避免多次重复较长的术语)使用非同行熟知的缩写,应在缩写符号第一次出现时给出其全称。
(4)为方便检索系统转录,应尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号。
(5)查询拟投稿期刊的`读者须知,以了解其对摘要的字数和形式的要求。
如果是结构式摘要,应了解其分为几段,使用何种标识、时态,是否使用缩写或简写,等等。
摘要写作的时态
摘要写作时所采用的时态应因情况而定,力求表达自然、妥当。
写作中可大致遵循以下原则:
(1)介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实,应使用现在式;如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述,则使用现在完成式。
例如:
The authors review risk and protectivefactors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse preventionpotential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research andpractice.
Previous research has confirmed fourdimensions of temperament: …. [Archives of General Psychiatry, 1993, 50 (12):975-990]
(2)在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时,如果采用“论文导向”,多使用现在式(如:This paper presents…); 如果采用“研究导向”,则使用过去式(如:This study investigated…)。
This article summarizes research onself-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviorsusing the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change.[American Psychologist, 1992, 47 (9): 1102-1114]
We investigated whether captopril couldreduce morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunctionafter a myocardial infarction. [New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, 327(10): 669-677]
(3)概述实验程序、方法和主要结果时,通常用现在式。
We describe a new molecular approach toanalyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations. [Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology, 1993, 59 (3): 695-700]
Our results indicate that p21 may be auniversal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. [Nature, 1993, 366 (6456): 701-704]
(4)叙述结论或建议时,可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should,could等助动词。
We suggest that climate instability in theearly part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saaleanice sheets in America and Eurasia, perhaps accounting for this discrepancy.[Nature, 1993, 364 (6434): 218-220]
摘要写作的人称和语态
论文摘要英文格式范文 第三十二篇
它可以包括三个组成部分 ①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图; ②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。 二、常见句型 常见的摘要句型有: 1)This paper deals with... 2)This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc)... 3)This eassy presents knowledge that... 4)This thesis discusses... 5)This thesis analyzes... 6)This paper provides an overview of... 7)This paper elaborates on ... 8)This article gives an overview of... 9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings. 10)This paper includes discussions concerning... 11)This paper presents up to date information on... 12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
论文摘要英文格式范文 第三十三篇
如何写英文摘要
英语论文摘要是研究论文的重要组成部分,本文首先通过英语论文摘要的重要功能作用来阐明其重要性;并且分析在进行英语论文摘要撰写工作中,应把握摘要的两个主要特点-完整的语篇结构和精炼的语言,进而通过实际例子的对比分析,探讨如何把握摘要的主要特点之一-其完整的语篇结构。
【一】(背景):介绍论文研究的背景,描述前者研究存在哪些问题,为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。
(方法):介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法,需要注意的是:因为摘要字数有限,所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可,不要花太多篇幅介绍。
(结果):这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果,如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。
(结论):论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。
Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。
其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文,也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。
所以,摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。
【二】1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,以提供论文内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。
2、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。
为此,英文摘要应重点包括4个要素,即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。
在这4个要素中,后2个是最重要的。
在执行上述原则时,有些情况下,英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围,以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
3、英文摘要句型力求简单,通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。
4、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容,也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论,不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;
不用非公知公用的符号和术语,不用引文,除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文,缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明;
科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位,正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。
【三】一、绪论
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。
二、要的类型与基本内容
英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。
原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的.注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题,多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分
①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;
②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;
③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
三、英文题名
1)题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(nounphrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
例如:(贺兰山习见苔藓植物);(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
例如:?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。
2)题名的字数。
题名不应过长。
国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。
例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志jnat cancerinst要求题名不超过14个词;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。
这些规定可供我们参考。
总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。
3)中英文题名的一致性。
同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
例如:工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算,。
英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”,与中文题名相比较,二者用词虽有差别,但内容上是一致的。
4)题名中的冠词。
在早年,科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多,近些年有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
例如:.其中两处的冠词the均可不用。
5)题名中的大小写。
题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。
全部字母大写。
例如:
每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。
例如:
题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。
例如:Velocities.
目前b.格式用得最多,而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。
6)题名中的缩略词语。
已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。
2)单位。
单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。
前段时间一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写,外人不知所云,结果造成混乱。
论文摘要英文格式范文 第三十四篇
中英文摘要对应,内容要基本保持一致;中文在前,英文在后。字数为300-500字左右。
1.中文摘要
①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)
②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗),字间空一字符。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个,宋体小四号),各关键词之间用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
2.英文摘要
①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)
②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(Times New Roman小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四,倍行距,两端对齐)
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key Words”( Times New Roman 小四号加 粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词,Times New Roman小四号)。除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
Self-Knowledge of Emma
(空1行)
Abstract
(空1行)
Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion.
After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes...
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